I am a psychology Ph.D. candidate at Stanford University studying how political conflicts develop and how to minimize their most corrosive aspects. Specifically, I examine how political beliefs become moral convictions, how to reduce empathic failures across group divides, how to foster more productive cross-partisan conversations, and how to improve support for democratic principles. I use experimental methods, natural language processing, and social network analysis to study these questions.
EDUCATION
2018-present → Ph.D. in Psychology, Stanford University
2018-2021 → M.A. in Psychology, Stanford University
2014-2017 → B.A. in Psychology, Swarthmore College
lsantos1@stanford.edu
Research Interests
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Empathy Beliefs
People's lay beliefs about the (dis)utility of outgroup empathy can have important implications for their social and political attitudes. In this line of research, we investigate how inspiring people to view cross-partisan empathy more positively can not only increase people’s interest in engaging across political divides, but also makes them more convincing advocates of their own beliefs.
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Attitude Moralization
People's views regarding right and wrong strongly influence their group affiliations, their desire for collective action, and their policy endorsements. We have ongoing empirical projects investigating the precursors and downstream consequences of political attitude moralization. In one such project, we have been using natural language processing to examine how political topics - such as immigration, abortion, and healthcare - can become imbued with moral relevance through time and partisan dynamics.
Papers
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Santos, L., Voelkel, J. Willer, R., & Zaki, J. (2022) Belief in the Utility of Cross-Partisan Empathy Reduces Partisan Animosity and Facilitates Persuasion. Psychological Science (view)
Santos, L., Voelkel, J. Willer, R., & Zaki, J. (submitted for publication) Positive Beliefs About Cross-Partisan Empathy Can Strengthen Americans’ Support for Democracy
Voelkel, J., Stagnaro, M., Chu, J., … Santos, L., …& Willer, R. Megastudy Identifying Effective Interventions to Strengthen Americans’ Democratic Attitudes (submitted for publication) (view)
Roy, E., … Santos, L., & Axt, J. Contest Study to Reduce Discrimination in Social Judgment. (submitted for publication)
Media and Scientific Outreach
PBS’ Newshour: America at a Crossroads
Featured talk and interview on the unexpected benefits of cross-party conversations on highly polarized issues.
Washington Post
Zaki, J., Willer, R., Voelkel, J., & Santos, L., Washington Post, Op-Ed “Our divided times are an opportunity for empathy. Really.” Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/12/29/our-divided-times-are-an-opportunity-empathy-really/
“Here is what persuades Americans to support democracy over party”. Covering research led by Jan Voelkel. Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/09/13/midterms-election-deniers-republicans-democrats/
Association for Psychological Science
Published interview. “Empathizing With the Opposition May Make You More Politically Persuasive”. Link: https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/news-release/2022-october-political-empathy.html
Stanford News
Published interview. Interviewed by John Sanford. Link: https://news.stanford.edu/2022/08/30/political-consensus-empathy/
Reasons to be Cheerful
Published interview at Reasons to be Cheerful. Interviewed by Eric Krebs. Link: https://wearenotdivided.reasonstobecheerful.world/empathy-psychology-political-polarization-election/
Revista Exame
Published interview at Revista Exame. Interviewed by David Cohen. Link: https://exame.abril.com.br/revista-exame/a-tragedia-da-polarizacao/